Existentialism

A loose family of twentieth-century philosophical positions sharing the claim that existence precedes essence — human beings are not born with a given nature or purpose and must instead create meaning through their choices and actions. Associated thinkers include Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, de Beauvoir, and (controversially) Camus, who rejected the label. Common themes include freedom, responsibility, authenticity, anxiety, and the experience of confronting a world without intrinsic meaning. Existentialism crossed into literature and theatre — Sartre's plays, Camus's novels, and the post-war Theatre of the Absurd — and shaped popular culture's vocabulary for talking about meaninglessness and self-creation.

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