Ernest Hemingway

American · 1899–1961

American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist whose terse, understated prose helped reshape twentieth-century fiction. After serving as a Red Cross ambulance driver in Italy during the First World War, he became a fixture of the Paris expatriate "Lost Generation" alongside Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ezra Pound. His novels include The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea, the last of which contributed to his 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. Hemingway championed the "iceberg theory" of writing — leaving most of a story's meaning beneath the surface — and lived a famously rugged public life of bullfighting, big-game hunting, and war reporting before taking his own life in 1961.

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